This species is recorded from India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam), Northern Bangladesh and much of Nepal. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest, especially in areas between known sites. It has an altitudinal range of 1,000-2,500m asl (Bordoloi et al., 2004).

The species is associated with streams and riparian vegetation within tropical evergreen forest. Breeding takes place in streams. There is little available information on egg deposition or larval ecology (Bordoloi et al., 2004).

1. There is a continuing loss of suitable stream habitats, through both deforestation and changes in water management (dams).

The species is found in much of the Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan to Nepal. In India, it is widely distributed.

Marbled toad is found in a wide variety of habitats including open plains, grasslands, scrubland, forest, suitable agricultural land and human habitations. Breeding occurs in permanent and seasonal pools, seasonal streams and slow-flowing streams. Adults hide under rocks and in crevices. It is a very adaptable species that may be found in houses (Stock et al., 2009).

1. Traffic related mortality and long-term drought. 2. Loss of habitat due to infrastructure development. 3. Intensification of agriculture and pollution of wetlands and land by agrochemicals.

Jerdon's Bullfrog is reported from half of the Eastern Indian subcontinent. In India, it is widely distributed in the eastern and the western regions; Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal (Padhey et al., 2004).

It is a terrestrial species of seasonally flooded dry grasslands, open plains and arid areas. Breeding, and presumably larval development, takes place in many different types of waterbodies. Adults are often found in burrows, and are known to aestivate during dry periods. It is present in cultivated areas and around human settlements

1. Adult mortality through road kills. 2. Habitat loss through the development of infrastructure within the region.

This species is found throughout most wetland areas of India, Bangladesh and much of northern Pakistan, and is recorded from the southern parts of Nepal, and from upper and northern central Myanmar (Zug et al., 1998). A principally lowland species, it is found at elevations between 25 and 800m asl, over much of its range, although it might occur up to 2,000m asl in Nepal (Dubois, 1976).

It is mainly aquatic, inhabiting mostly freshwater wetlands, both natural and artificial (especially paddy fields). It is absent or uncommon in forested areas and coastal regions (Fugler, 1983). It is mostly solitary and nocturnal, inhabiting holes and bushes near permanent water courses and pools (Dutta, 1990). Its diet include invertebrates, small mammals and birds. Breeding takes place during the monsoon season, when adults congregate at ephemeral rainwater pools. It produces large numbers of eggs (and so has potentially high levels of recruitment), but there are high mortality rates among tadpoles, froglets and adult frogs.

1. It was once heavily collected due to demand of its legs internationally. 2. Loss of wetland habitats through infrastructure development, prolonged drought and water pollution by pesticides and other agrochemicals are now the main threats to the species.

This species is found in north-eastern India in West Bengal, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh Provinces, between 1,500 and 3,000m asl and in eastern Nepal. It is presumed to occur in Bhutan (Ohler et al., 2008).

It is associated with rocky streams and brooks in montane forests, and with pools in forest clearings. It needs moderate temperatures and high humidity. The tadpoles develop in streams.

1. Habitat destruction as a result of localized deforestation and changes in waterway management (such as dam construction).

This species is restricted to northwestern India and northern Pakistan. It is a high-altitude species found at elevations of 2,000-3,000m asl.

It is associated with high-altitude streams, springs, fountains and other running water within open forest and grassland habitats. There is little information available on larval habitat or ecology (Ohler and Dutta, 2004).

This species is currently known only from the type locality of Dudhwa National Park in Uttar Pradesh, India, where it was observed and collected below 100m asl, although it is expected to occur more widely (Dutta et al., 2004).

Listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainties as to its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements. This is a semi-arboreal species that is mostly associated with scrub forest, grassland and rural areas. Breeding takes place in permanent pools, although there is little other information available on its egg deposition or larval ecology.

1. There are no known threats at present.

This species ranges through much of northeastern India, southern Nepal and throughout Bangladesh. The species might occur in Myanmar but its presence here requires confirmation. It is a lowland species found up to 300m asl.

This species is associated with a variety of aquatic habitats such as pools, lakes and marshes. It may be found in bank side vegetation, and within scrubland and tropical forest habitats. The species generally breeds in stagnant waterbodies. It can be found in artificially flooded agricultural areas (Dutta et al., 2004).

1. Collection of the species for food. 2. Water pollution with agrochemicals.

This species is restricted to Northern India, and Western and Eastern Nepal, found at an elevation of 1000 to over 2400 m asl (Ohler et al., 2004).

Its distribution is highly fragmented and confined to montane subtropical forests and streams. Breeding takes place in streams; however, there is no information available on larval ecology.

1. Loss of available habitat through the localized clearance of forest. 2. It is also threatened by changes in waterway management, due to dam construction.